Pregnant women: Use allowed: reduce dose by 1/3! Regional anesthesias during birth may cause abnormal glucose levels or acidosis in the neoneate.

Nursing mothers: Is excreted in small (safe?) amounts in breast milk.

Children: Dosage dependent on weight: Without adrenaline: maximum of 3 mg/kg. With adrenaline: maximum of 7 mg/kg.

Elderly people: Half-life is usually prolonged. Initial dose see above; reduce the following doses by about 1/3. Only half the dose when there is heart failure or liver insufficiency!

Renal failure: A dose reduction is indicated for advanced renal failure considering the active metabolites.

Liver insufficiency: Hepatic clearance can decrease to 1/10 of the norm! A dose reduction of at least 50% is recommended.

Table of Contents | Indications | Pharmacology | Adverse Reactions & Interactions | Contraindications & Cautions | References